Posted by
Cal on Friday, January 26, 2007 10:55:32 PM
Let’s take a look at this recent offering from Sam Harris:
10 Myths—and 10 Truths—About Atheism
SEVERAL POLLS indicate that the term “atheism” has acquired such an extraordinary stigma in the United States that being an atheist is now a perfect impediment to a career in politics (in a way that being black, Muslim or homosexual is not). According to a recent Newsweek poll, only 37% of Americans would vote for an otherwise qualified atheist for president.
Atheists are often imagined to be intolerant, immoral, depressed, blind to the beauty of nature and dogmatically closed to evidence of the supernatural.
Intolerant? Harris himself openly argues that mainstream religious beliefs be treated with little more respect than Holocaust denial. In a debate with Dennis Prager, he said: “As an atheist, I am angry that we live in a society in which the plain truth cannot be spoken without offending 90% of the population.” The plain “truth”? Believers of all stripes are full of it.
Immoral? Let’s break it down. The further one strays from God, the more he will consider personal morality a judgmental and oppressive concept (“Get your laws off my body,” “How dare you force your morality on my personal life,” etc.). Typically, atheists condemn anyone who tries to apply a uniform moral standard on society (despite the fact that legal enforcement of such standards is rarely, if ever, advocated). Now, atheists will say this only applies to personal conduct, like sex lives and drug use (this, too, fails—sexual promiscuity opens the door to destroying one’s self-control, spreading disease, killing preborn children with impunity, and narcissistic inconsideration for children that are born; drug use opens the door to disregard for the world around oneself, impaired judgment that can have ramifications for others, & promoting the drug trade). We are just as honest & law-abiding as you are, they say. We don’t accept hurting or disregarding others. Often this is true, but it’s hardly an argument for atheism’s validity, as I will explain after Harris’ tenth point.
Depressed? Again, it depends on how thoroughly one thinks through the ramifications of atheism. Again I refer to Dennis Prager. On October 10, 2006, he explored the question: If there is no God, can there be ultimate meaning to life? The segment is a must-listen, especially for Angie, whose touching call illustrates the depression of one who does carry atheism to its logical conclusions.
Blind to nature’s beauty? No, but again, atheists seem not to think the beauty through. It is as if they marvel at the beauty of the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling, then dismiss mention of Michelangelo.
Dogmatically closed to evidence of the supernatural? Of course they are. In Harris’ eyes, there is no good reason to believe anything about any religion. Nothing could be further from the truth. Look no further than the work of CS Lewis or Peter Kreeft.
Even John Locke, one of the great patriarchs of the Enlightenment, believed that atheism was “not at all to be tolerated” because, he said, “promises, covenants and oaths, which are the bonds of human societies, can have no hold upon an atheist.”
See my explanation of a conscience’s hold on an atheist (by the way, George Washington expressed a similar sentiment in his Farewell Address: “Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness -- these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle.”).
That was more than 300 years ago. But in the United States today, little seems to have changed. A remarkable 87% of the population claims “never to doubt” the existence of God; fewer than 10% identify themselves as atheists — and their reputation appears to be deteriorating.
Given that we know that atheists are often among the most intelligent and scientifically literate people in any society, it seems important to deflate the myths that prevent them from playing a larger role in our national discourse.
1) Atheists believe that life is meaningless.
On the contrary, religious people often worry that life is meaningless and imagine that it can only be redeemed by the promise of eternal happiness beyond the grave. Atheists tend to be quite sure that life is precious. Life is imbued with meaning by being really and fully lived. Our relationships with those we love are meaningful now; they need not last forever to be made so. Atheists tend to find this fear of meaninglessness … well … meaningless.
Again, I ask atheists to think it all the way through (and while you’re at it, you really should listen to the aforementioned Prager segment, which tackles this question head-on). Of course things feel meaningful to atheists, as well they should. But to say life gets meaning simply from being lived is circular gibberish.
2) Atheism is responsible for the greatest crimes in human history.
People of faith often claim that the crimes of Hitler, Stalin, Mao and Pol Pot were the inevitable product of unbelief. The problem with fascism and communism, however, is not that they are too critical of religion; the problem is that they are too much like religions. Such regimes are dogmatic to the core and generally give rise to personality cults that are indistinguishable from cults of religious hero worship. Auschwitz, the gulag and the killing fields were not examples of what happens when human beings reject religious dogma; they are examples of political, racial and nationalistic dogma run amok. There is no society in human history that ever suffered because its people became too reasonable.
The last sentence is right (partially because religion is reasonable); everything else is wrong. These great evils were products of unbelief, and the reason their religion-like personality cults took hold was that they made an enemy out of true religion first. The supremacy of the State replaced the morals of God.
3) Atheism is dogmatic.
Jews, Christians and Muslims claim that their scriptures are so prescient of humanity’s needs that they could only have been written under the direction of an omniscient deity. An atheist is simply a person who has considered this claim, read the books and found the claim to be ridiculous. One doesn’t have to take anything on faith, or be otherwise dogmatic, to reject unjustified religious beliefs. As the historian Stephen Henry Roberts (1901-71) once said: “I contend that we are both atheists. I just believe in one fewer god than you do. When you understand why you dismiss all the other possible gods, you will understand why I dismiss yours.”
I understand if somebody rejects the idea of God, but if such a person then claims to take nothing on faith, he’s lying (perhaps to himself). To believe the universe began out of nothing (or never began, as someone actually suggested to me once) requires a leap of faith. To believe the human capacity for consciousness, thought, emotion, self-restraint, art, and a host of other wonders are the result of purely earthly mechanics requires a leap of faith. To believe that life and all that makes it function came about by, in large part, chance requires a leap of faith. Which brings us to…
4) Atheists think everything in the universe arose by chance.
No one knows why the universe came into being. In fact, it is not entirely clear that we can coherently speak about the “beginning” or “creation” of the universe at all, as these ideas invoke the concept of time, and here we are talking about the origin of space-time itself.
Fair enough, but the more uncertainty one concedes about these matters, the less he qualifies as an atheist and the more he should be considered an agnostic.
The notion that atheists believe that everything was created by chance is also regularly thrown up as a criticism of Darwinian evolution. As Richard Dawkins explains in his marvelous book, “The God Delusion,” this represents an utter misunderstanding of evolutionary theory. Although we don’t know precisely how the Earth’s early chemistry begat biology, we know that the diversity and complexity we see in the living world is not a product of mere chance. Evolution is a combination of chance mutation and natural selection. Darwin arrived at the phrase “natural selection” by analogy to the “artificial selection” performed by breeders of livestock. In both cases, selection exerts a highly non-random effect on the development of any species.
If Richard Dawkins really possesses the marvelous, objective intellect he is said to, then I can only assume Harris garbled his message, because this passage does nothing to demonstrate a misunderstanding of evolution. Everybody knows that Charles Darwin’s theory rests on both random mutation and natural selection. Random mutation is still such a substantial part of the supposed process that to believe it could account for all it is said to, and do so without any plan, intent or guidance, still requires a leap of faith.
5) Atheism has no connection to science.
Although it is possible to be a scientist and still believe in God — as some scientists seem to manage it — there is no question that an engagement with scientific thinking tends to erode, rather than support, religious faith. Taking the U.S. population as an example: Most polls show that about 90% of the general public believes in a personal God; yet 93% of the members of the National Academy of Sciences do not. This suggests that there are few modes of thinking less congenial to religious faith than science is.
The National Academy of Sciences condones cloning “eggs and early embryos to produce stem cells for use in medical research” and is silent on the paramount bioethics issue of abortion, so I hope you’ll excuse me if I find its judgment less than persuasive. Moreover, there are plenty of serious scientific minds who believe in God.
6) Atheists are arrogant.
When scientists don’t know something — like why the universe came into being or how the first self-replicating molecules formed — they admit it. Pretending to know things one doesn’t know is a profound liability in science. And yet it is the life-blood of faith-based religion. One of the monumental ironies of religious discourse can be found in the frequency with which people of faith praise themselves for their humility, while claiming to know facts about cosmology, chemistry and biology that no scientist knows. When considering questions about the nature of the cosmos and our place within it, atheists tend to draw their opinions from science. This isn’t arrogance; it is intellectual honesty.
If this is a myth about atheists, then why doesn’t Harris refute it by talking about atheists? What’s that? Because “atheist” and “scientist” are synonyms, you say? See above. Harris’ own writing regularly drips with arrogance, so this one’s a bit of a joke.
7) Atheists are closed to spiritual experience.
There is nothing that prevents an atheist from experiencing love, ecstasy, rapture and awe; atheists can value these experiences and seek them regularly. What atheists don’t tend to do is make unjustified (and unjustifiable) claims about the nature of reality on the basis of such experiences. There is no question that some Christians have transformed their lives for the better by reading the Bible and praying to Jesus. What does this prove? It proves that certain disciplines of attention and codes of conduct can have a profound effect upon the human mind. Do the positive experiences of Christians suggest that Jesus is the sole savior of humanity? Not even remotely — because Hindus, Buddhists, Muslims and even atheists regularly have similar experiences.
No, these experiences don’t necessarily speak to the truth of any specific theology. But there’s still something unnerving about an atheist’s ability to experience these things without thinking maybe—just maybe—there’s something more than just adaptations and chemical reactions behind them.
There is, in fact, not a Christian on this Earth who can be certain that Jesus even wore a beard, much less that he was born of a virgin or rose from the dead. These are just not the sort of claims that spiritual experience can authenticate.
By and large, Christians are certain of Christ’s divinity, but don’t claim to “know” it in a strictly analytical sense. However, reason can lead us much closer to that conclusion than Harris would have us believe. Lee Strobel has done it, and so has Peter Kreeft.
8) Atheists believe that there is nothing beyond human life and human understanding.
Atheists are free to admit the limits of human understanding in a way that religious people are not. It is obvious that we do not fully understand the universe; but it is even more obvious that neither the Bible nor the Koran reflects our best understanding of it. We do not know whether there is complex life elsewhere in the cosmos, but there might be. If there is, such beings could have developed an understanding of nature’s laws that vastly exceeds our own. Atheists can freely entertain such possibilities. They also can admit that if brilliant extraterrestrials exist, the contents of the Bible and the Koran will be even less impressive to them than they are to human atheists.
From the atheist point of view, the world’s religions utterly trivialize the real beauty and immensity of the universe. One doesn’t have to accept anything on insufficient evidence to make such an observation.
General insults against holy books aside, I reiterate: the more someone admits uncertainty about the universe, the more he becomes an agnostic, not an atheist. The idea that believers are sheep who never question anything is also a canard. Doubt about God’s existence, authority, and even His love have existed since the Book of Job.
9) Atheists ignore the fact that religion is extremely beneficial to society.
Those who emphasize the good effects of religion never seem to realize that such effects fail to demonstrate the truth of any religious doctrine. This is why we have terms such as “wishful thinking” and “self-deception.” There is a profound distinction between a consoling delusion and the truth.
Certain religious doctrines make certain promises. Practice of said religious doctrines fulfill such promises. This isn’t proof, but it certainly suggests there may be something to them.
In any case, the good effects of religion can surely be disputed. In most cases, it seems that religion gives people bad reasons to behave well, when good reasons are actually available. Ask yourself, which is more moral, helping the poor out of concern for their suffering, or doing so because you think the creator of the universe wants you to do it, will reward you for doing it or will punish you for not doing it?
This is an unfair simplification of Judeo-Christian morality. Good behavior has to start somewhere, and whatever else may be said of it, eternal punishment/reward is an attention-grabber. An obligation to good behavior, even a selfish one, is at least a starting point. From there it becomes a habit and paves the way for us to think about why God wants us to act as He does. When we do that, we begin to appreciate His wisdom, take it to heart, and make it a way of life.
10) Atheism provides no basis for morality.
If a person doesn’t already understand that cruelty is wrong, he won’t discover this by reading the Bible or the Koran — as these books are bursting with celebrations of cruelty, both human and divine. We do not get our morality from religion. We decide what is good in our good books by recourse to moral intuitions that are (at some level) hard-wired in us and that have been refined by thousands of years of thinking about the causes and possibilities of human happiness.
We have made considerable moral progress over the years, and we didn’t make this progress by reading the Bible or the Koran more closely. Both books condone the practice of slavery — and yet every civilized human being now recognizes that slavery is an abomination. Whatever is good in scripture — like the golden rule — can be valued for its ethical wisdom without our believing that it was handed down to us by the creator of the universe.
Isn’t it funny how a supposedly pro-slavery book like the Bible somehow fueled the abolition movement?
I’ve heard this old line—“I don’t need some book telling me murder is wrong, and if you do, something’s wrong with you”—before. It betrays a misunderstanding (or knowing distortion) of the believer’s argument. Of course many atheists have consciences which restrain their impulses & prevent other impulses from forming in the first place. But try to explain the human conscience on purely secular terms, and it can’t endure. Is my conscience unique to me? Is it nothing more than certain societal stigmas that have rubbed off on me? Why can’t I say my conscience says something totally different than yours? Who are you to say yours is more valid than mine? Because society agrees with your conscience? Well, maybe society’s wrong! After all, 200 years ago, whose conscience would society have agreed with? Even today, nobody thinks society’s conscience is right on everything! My point: the conscience of an atheist, while a good thing, is more emotion than logic. A believer, by contrast, knows his conscience and understands that it was put there by a higher authority.